Everything about the Horn Of Africa totally explained
The
Horn of Africa (alternatively
Northeast Africa, and sometimes
Somali Peninsula) is a
peninsula of
East Africa that juts for hundreds of kilometers into the
Arabian Sea, and lies along the southern side of the
Gulf of Aden. It is the easternmost projection of the African
continent. The term also refers to the greater region containing the countries of
Eritrea,
Djibouti,
Ethiopia and
Somalia. As such, it covers approximately 2,000,000
km² (772,200
sq mi) and is inhabited by about 90.2 million people (Ethiopia: 75 million, Somalia: 10 million, Eritrea: 4.5 million, and Djibouti: 0.7 million).
Geography and climate
The Horn of Africa is almost from the
equator and the
Tropic of Cancer. It consists chiefly of mountains uplifted through the formation of the
Great Rift Valley, a fissure in the Earth's
crust extending from
Turkey to
Mozambique and marking the separation of the African and Arabian
tectonic plates. Most of the region is mountainous due to faults resulting from the Rift Valley, with the highest peaks in the
Simien Mountains of northwestern Ethiopia. Extensive
glaciers once covered the Simien and
Bale Mountains, but melted at the beginning of the
Holocene. The mountains descend in a huge escarpment to the
Red Sea and more steadily to the Indian Ocean.
Socotra is a small island in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia. Its size is 3,600 km² (1,390 sq mi) and it's a territory of
Yemen, the southernmost country on the
Arabian peninsula.
The lowlands of the Horn are generally arid in spite of their proximity to the equator. This is because the winds of the tropical
monsoons that give seasonal rains to the
Sahel and the
Sudan blow from the west. Consequently, they lose their moisture upon reaching Djibouti and Somalia, with the result that most of the Horn receives little rainfall during the monsoon season. On the windward side in the west and center of Ethiopia, and the extreme south of Eritrea, monsoonal rainfall is heavy. In the mountains of Ethiopia, many areas receive over 2,000
mm (78
in) per year, and even
Asmara receives an average of 570 mm (23 in). This rainfall is the sole source of water for many areas far from Ethiopia, most famously for
Egypt, which — in terms of rainfall — is the driest nation on Earth.
In the winter, the northeasterly
trade winds don't provide any moisture except in mountainous areas of northern Somalia, where rainfall in late autumn can produce annual totals as high as 500 mm (20 in). On the eastern coast, a strong
upwelling and the fact that the winds blow
parallel to the coast means annual rainfall can be as low as 51 mm (2 in).
Temperatures on the Red Sea coast are some of the hottest in the world, typically around 41°C (106°F) in July and 32°C (90°F) in January. On the east coast, owing to the upwelling, they're somewhat, cooler but still hot. As elevation increases, temperatures decrease, so that at
Asmara, maxima are around 20°C (68°F), though
frosts are frequent on cloudless nights. On the highest peaks of the Simien Mountains, however, temperatures rarely reach 14°C (57°F) and can be as low as –10°C (14°F) on cloudless nights.
History
Ancient history
The
Kingdom of Aksum (also known as "Axum") was an ancient state located in modern-day Ethiopia, Eritrea, northern Somalia and Yemen that thrived between the
1st and
7th centuries. Due to the Horn's strategic location, it has been used to restrict access to the
Red Sea in the past.
The region was also a source of biological resources during the
Antiquity: The
Ancient Egyptians,
Greeks and
Romans sent expeditions to the region for
frankincense,
myrrh,
dragon's blood or
cinnabar and took these commodities back along the
Incense Route. Therefore the Romans called this region
Regio Aromatica. It is believed to also contain the fabled Egyptian
Land of Punt.
The Horn was also part of a network of ports that extended down the coast of Africa, from the Persian Gulf as part of a larger and ancient commerce route along the greater Indian Ocean rim.
Modern history
In recent decades, the Horn of Africa has been a region continuously in crisis. Ethiopia occupies a predominant position in the Horn because of its
demographic importance: about 85% of the area's population live in this country. Large parts of the Horn of Africa were colonized by
Italy:
Eritrea (1880-1941), the
Italian Somaliland protectorate (1890-1960) and a brief occupation of
Ethiopia (1936-1941).
Britain established in North Somalia (
British Somaliland) and France in
Djibouti (
French Somaliland). Yet Ethiopia's history is largely marked by conflicts between
Muslims and
Christians for resources and living space, as well as between
nationalism and
Marxism-Leninism in modern times. The rest of the region also faces several concurrent problems:
Somalia is still caught up in a civil war which first began in the late
1980's, while Ethiopia and Eritrea regularly clash.
Moreover, the region is regularly stricken by
natural catastrophes, such as
droughts or
floods that hit
rural areas particularly hard. As a result, the region has some of the world's highest levels of
malnutrition and is continuously threatened with a major
humanitarian crisis. Between 1982 and 1992, about two million people died in the Horn of Africa due to this combination of war and
famine.
Since 2002 The Horn of Africa has been a major focus of attention by the
United States,
France,
Germany, and eleven African nations regarding the
War on Terrorism.
Culture and ethnicity
The countries of the Horn of Africa are culturally linked together. Local people have been using the
plow for cultivation and kept the Arabian
dromedary as domestic animals for a long time and for the most part represent a unique cultural and racial bloc on the continent.
Some important ethno-linguistic groups in the Horn of Africa are:
- In Djibouti: the Afar (Danakil) and the Somali (Issa)
In Eritrea: the Bilen, the Afar, the Hedareb (Beni-Amer/Beja), the Kunama (Baza), the Nara (Nialetic), the Saho (Irob), the Rashaida, the Tigre, and the Tigrinya. The Jebertis are Muslim Tigrinyas who consider themselves as a separate ethnicity, but are not recognized by other sources.
In Ethiopia: Amharas, Afars, Agaw groups, Gurages, Hamers, Hararis (also Hadere or Adere), the Irob (Catholic Sahos), Sidamas, Oromos, Saho, Somali, Tigrayans, as well as many other small groups (see also ethnicities listed at Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region) .
In Somalia: the Somali
Economy
States of the region depend largely on a few key exports:
Ethiopia: Coffee 80% of total exports.
Somalia: Bananas and livestock over 50% of total exports.
Ecology
The Horn of Africa is a UNESCO Biodiversity Hotspot and one of the two entirely arid ones. However the Horn of Africa suffers largely from overgrazing and only 5% of its original habitat still remains. On Socotra, another great threat is the development of infrastructure.
Fauna
About 220 mammals are found in the Horn of Africa. Among threatened species of the region, we find several antelopes such as the beira, the dibatag, the silver dikdik and the Speke’s gazelle. Other remarkable species include the Somali wild ass, the desert warthog, the Hamadryas Baboon, the Somali pygmy gerbil, the ammodile, and the Speke’s pectinator. The Grevy's zebra is the unique wild equid of the region.
Some important bird species of the Horn are the Bulo Burti boubou, the golden-winged grosbeak, the Warsangli linnet, or the Djibouti Francolin.
The Horn of Africa holds more endemic reptiles than any other region in Africa, with over 285 species total (and about 90 species found exclusively in the region). Among endemic reptile genera, there are Haackgreerius, Haemodracon, Ditypophis, Pachycalamus and Aeluroglena. Half of these genera are uniquely found on Socotra. Unlike reptiles, amphibians are poorly represented in the region.
There are about 100 species of freshwater fish in the Horn of Africa, about 10 of which are endemic. Among the endemic, we find the cave-dwelling Somali blind barb and the Somali cavefish.
Flora
It is estimated that about 5,000 species of vascular plants are found in the Horn, about half of which are endemic. Endemism is most developed in Socotra and Northern Somalia. The region has two endemic plant families: the Barbeyaceae and the Dirachmaceae. Among the other remarkable species, there are the cucumber tree found only on Socotra (Dendrosicyos socotrana), the Bankoualé palm, the yeheb nut, and the Somali cyclamen.
Further Information
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